Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry are no longer a
rare phenomenon in Europe. In the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks—in particular those …

Analyses of HPAI H5 viruses from poultry outbreaks across a wide Eurasian region since
July 2020 including the Russian Federation, Republics of Iraq and Kazakhstan, and recent …

Avian influenza viruses affect both poultry production and public health. A subtype H5N8
(clade 2.3. 4.4) virus, following an outbreak in poultry in South Korea in January 2014 …

Abstract The H5 A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (gs/GD) lineage emerged in China in 1996.
Rooted in the respective gs/GD lineage, the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of highly pathogenic …

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5 A/goose/Guangdong/1/96
lineage can cause severe disease in poultry and wild birds, and occasionally in humans. In …

Here, we report on the occurrence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx clade
2.3. 4.4 b in Germany. Between November 8, 2016, and September 30, 2017, more than …

Preventing pathogens from entering and spreading on farms is the first step in reducing
health problems. For this study a BiosEcurity Assessment Tool was developed to identify …

To assess the importance of wild birds as a reservoir of zoonotic pathogens in Austria and
the Czech Republic, we sampled 1,325 wild birds representing 13 orders, 32 families, and …

In contrast to previous incursions of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAIV) H5 viruses,
H5N8 clade 2.3. 4.4 b viruses caused numerous cases of lethal infections in white-tailed sea …

Avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose risks to public, agricultural, and wildlife health. Bridge
hosts are spillover hosts that share habitat with both maintenance hosts (eg, mallards) and …