Dopamine neurons facilitate learning by calculating reward prediction error, or the difference
between expected and actual reward. Despite two decades of research, it remains unclear …

The Drosophila brain contains a relatively simple circuit for forming Pavlovian associations,
yet it achieves many operations common across memory systems. Recent advances have …

Making inferences about the computations performed by neuronal circuits from synapse-
level connectivity maps is an emerging opportunity in neuroscience. The mushroom body …

Associating stimuli with positive or negative reinforcement is essential for survival, but a
complete wiring diagram of a higher-order circuit supporting associative memory has not …

Understanding memory formation, storage and retrieval requires knowledge of the
underlying neuronal circuits. In Drosophila, the mushroom body (MB) is the major site of …

Similarity search—for example, identifying similar images in a database or similar
documents on the web—is a fundamental computing problem faced by large-scale …

Advances in optical manipulation and observation of neural activity have set the stage for
widespread implementation of closed-loop and activity-guided optical control of neural …

When animals interact with complex environments, their neural circuits must separate
overlapping patterns of activity that represent sensory and motor information. Pattern …

The advent of unbiased recording and imaging techniques to evaluate firing activity across
neocortical neurons has revealed substantial heterogeneity in response properties in vivo …

Sparse coding may be a general strategy of neural systems for augmenting memory
capacity. In Drosophila melanogaster, sparse odor coding by the Kenyon cells of the …