Wild aquatic bird populations have long been considered the natural reservoir for influenza
A viruses with virus transmission from these birds seeding other avian and mammalian …

Influenza A viruses are zoonotic pathogens that continuously circulate and change in
several animal hosts, including birds, pigs, horses and humans. The emergence of novel …

Summary Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the latest respiratory pandemic caused
by severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although …

Pigs are considered as important hosts or “mixing vessels” for the generation of pandemic
influenza viruses. Systematic surveillance of influenza viruses in pigs is essential for early …

Influenza A and B virus infections are a major cause of respiratory disease in humans and
are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Vaccination against …

The origins of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in swine are unknown, highlighting
gaps in our understanding of influenza A virus (IAV) ecology and evolution. We review how …

Since swine influenza virus was first isolated in 1930, it has become endemic in pigs
worldwide. Although large amount of swine influenza vaccines has been used in swine …

Pigs and humans have shared influenza A viruses (IAV) since at least 1918, and many
interspecies transmission events have been documented since that time. However, despite …

The world had been anticipating another influenza pandemic since the last one in 1968. The
pandemic influenza A H1N1 2009 virus (A/2009/H1N1) finally arrived, causing the first …

Emerging viral infections continue to pose a major threat to global public health. In 1997, a
highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus was found to directly spread from poultry …