Abstract Abstract concepts (“freedom”) differ from concrete ones (“cat”), as they do not have
a bounded, identifiable, and clearly perceivable referent. The way in which abstract …

Tulving characterized semantic memory as a vast repository of meaning that underlies
language and many other cognitive processes. This perspective on lexical and conceptual …

Abstract words constitute nearly half of the human lexicon and are critically associated with
human abstract thoughts, yet little is known about how they are represented in the brain. We …

Two eye-tracking experiments compared affirmative and negative counterfactuals,“if she had
(not) arrived early, she would (not) have bought roses” and affirmative and negative causal …

Three experiments tracked participants' eye-movements to examine the time course of
comprehension of the dual meaning of counterfactuals, such as “if there had been oranges …

In this article, we discuss multiple types of meaningful (semantic) relations underlying
abstract (as compared to concrete) concepts. We adopt the viewpoint that words act as cues …

Many studies have shown the double processing of negation, suggesting that negation
integration into sentence meaning is delayed. This contrasts with some researches that have …

Recently, the NLP capacity of AI becomes more important for successful communication
between human and AI. Especially it is one of the very difficult problems to teach the …

Embodied theories presume that concepts are modality specific while symbolic theories
suggest that all modalities for a given concept are integrated. Symbolic and embodied …

Tulving (1972) characterized semantic memory as a vast repository of meaning that provides
a substrate for language and many other cognitive processes. Tulving's perspective resulted …