Currently, metformin is the first-line medication to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in
most guidelines and is used daily by> 200 million patients. Surprisingly, the mechanisms …

Brown and beige adipocytes are mitochondria-enriched cells capable of dissipating energy
in the form of heat. These thermogenic fat cells were originally considered to function solely …

In recent years, brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been recognized not only as a main site of
non-shivering thermogenesis in mammals, but also as an endocrine organ. BAT secretes a …

Mitochondrial morphology, which is controlled by mitochondrial fission and fusion, is an
important regulator of the thermogenic capacity of brown adipocytes. Adipose-specific …

Adipose tissue, including white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), and
beige adipose tissue, is vital in modulating whole-body energy metabolism. While WAT …

Skeletal muscle and adipose tissues (ATs) are secretory organs that release secretory
factors including cytokines and exosomes. These factors mediate muscle–adipose crosstalk …

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is well known to burn calories through uncoupled respiration,
producing heat to maintain body temperature. This 'calorie wasting'feature makes BAT a …

Brown adipocyte in brown adipose tissue (BAT) specializes in expending energy through
non-shivering thermogenesis, a process that produces heat either by uncoupling protein 1 …

Sphingolipids are a family of lipid molecules produced through different pathways in
mammals. Sphingolipids are structural components of membranes, but in response to …

The incidence of metabolism-related diseases like obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus has
reached pandemic levels worldwide and increased gradually. Most of them are listed on the …