Diseases of muscle that are caused by pathological interactions between muscle and the
immune system are devastating, but rare. However, muscle injuries that involve trauma and …

Immunological and inflammatory processes downstream of dystrophin deficiency as well as
metabolic abnormalities, defective autophagy, and loss of regenerative capacity all …

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe, progressive, and ultimately fatal disease
of skeletal muscle wasting, respiratory insufficiency, and cardiomyopathy. The identification …

Mitochondria are negatively affected by ageing leading to their inability to adapt to higher
levels of oxidative stress and this ultimately contributes to the systemic loss of muscle mass …

The immune response to acute muscle damage is important for normal repair. However, in
chronic diseases such as many muscular dystrophies, the immune response can amplify …

Dysregulation of the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory macrophages
has a key function in the pathogenesis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a fatal …

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive, X-linked, neuromuscular
disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. In DMD, the lack of functional …

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an incurable and a progressive muscle wasting
disease, is caused by the absence of dystrophin protein, leading to recurrent muscle fiber …

Inflammation described in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) may be
related to loss of muscle function or to obesity. It is unknown if circulating proinflammatory …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) recognizes specific structural motifs associated with
microbial pathogens and also responds to certain endogenous host molecules associated …