Liver development requires two linked processes: differentiation of the various hepatic cell
types from their embryonic progenitors and the arrangement of those cells into structures …

The use of novel drugs and chemicals requires reliable data on their potential toxic effects
on humans. Current test systems are mainly based on animals or in vitro–cultured animal …

There exists a worldwide shortage of donor livers available for orthotropic liver
transplantation and hepatocyte transplantation therapies. In addition to their therapeutic …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of self-renewal and differentiation along the
osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages and have potential applications in a …

Orthotopic liver transplantation remains the only curative treatment for liver disease.
However, the number of patients who die while on the waiting list (15%) has increased in …

There are limited data available on the effect of a physicochemical microenvironment on
mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation and repopulation of the liver. Therefore, in this …

Organoids formed from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) could be a limitless
source of functional tissue for transplantations in many organs. Unfortunately, fine-tuning …

Abstract Development of new drugs is costly and takes huge resources into consideration.
The big pharmaceutical companies are currently facing increasing developmental costs and …

Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the
potential to differentiate into all cell lineages, including hepatocytes, in vitro. Induced …

Abstract The National Academy of Sciences publication, Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century:
A Vision and a Strategy, proposes a paradigm shift in toxicology from current animal-based …