Birds have many kinds of internal and external parasites, including viruses, bacteria and
fungi, as well as protozoa, helminths and arthropods. Because parasites have negative …

Abstract Philornis flies Meinert (Diptera: Muscidae) have been documented parasitizing over
250 bird species, some of which are endemic species threatened with extinction. Philornis …

Host‐associated microbiota can be affected by factors related to environmental change,
such as urbanization and invasive species. For example, urban areas often affect food …

Produced amidst the still rippling effects of a pandemic and as the world experiences the
increasing burden of global warming and a rapidly changing biosphere, the second edition …

The Diptera fauna of the Galápagos Archipelago is updated and an annotated checklist is
presented. Currently 50 families, 207 genera, and a minimum of 324 species are recorded …

Ecoimmunology is a rapidly developing field that explores how the environment shapes
immune function, which in turn influences host–parasite relationships and disease …

The declining-population paradigm holds that small populations are particularly vulnerable
to anthropogenic influences such as habitat destruction, pollution and species introductions …

Urbanization is expanding worldwide with major consequences for organisms.
Anthropogenic factors can reduce the fitness of animals but may have benefits, such as …

Human activity changes multiple factors in the environment, which can have positive or
negative synergistic effects on organisms. However, few studies have explored the causal …

The parasitic larvae of Philornis downsi Dodge & Aitken (Diptera: Muscidae) were first
discovered in Darwin's finch nests on the Galápagos Islands in 1997. Larvae of P. downsi …