BACKGROUND Earth system models (ESMs) simulate physical, chemical, and biological
processes that underlie climate and are the most complex in a hierarchy of models of Earth's …

Current mitigation efforts and existing future commitments are inadequate to accomplish the
Paris Agreement temperature goals. In light of this, research and debate are intensifying on …

Solar radiation modification (SRM) is a possible deliberate approach to decrease or reflect
incoming solar radiation with the goal of reducing global temperatures, which have …

Marine cloud brightening (MCB) is a geoengineering proposal to cool atmospheric
temperatures and reduce climate change impacts. As large-scale approaches to stabilize …

Solar geoengineering is receiving increased policy attention as a potential tool to offset
climate warming. While climate responses to geoengineering have been studied in detail …

Global-scale hydrological models are routinely used to assess water scarcity, flood hazards
and droughts worldwide. Recent efforts to incorporate anthropogenic activities in these …

Injecting particles into atmosphere to reflect sunlight, stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI),
represents a potential technological solution to the threat of climate change. But could the …

As atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations rise and climate change becomes more
destructive, geoengineering has become a subject of serious consideration. By reflecting a …

The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) is a coordinating framework,
started in 2010, that includes a series of standardized climate model experiments aimed at …

Solar geoengineering is an emerging topic in climate-change discussions. To support future
decisions on the deployment of this technology, society requires better estimates of its …