Apoptosis is a form of regulated cell death (RCD) that involves proteases of the caspase
family. Pharmacological and genetic strategies that experimentally inhibit or delay apoptosis …

This review aims to briefly discuss a short list of a broad variety of inflammatory cytokines.
Numerous studies have implicated that inflammatory cytokines exert important effects with …

Inappropriate, excessive or uncontrolled inflammation contributes to a range of human
diseases. Inflammation involves a multitude of cell types, chemical mediators and …

Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF) is a multifunctional cytokine. First recognized as an
endogenous soluble factor that induces necrosis of solid tumours, TNF became increasingly …

Classically (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages exhibit distinct phenotypes
and functions. It has been difficult to dissect macrophage phenotypes in vivo, where a …

Macrophages are important players in the fight against viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic
infections. From a resting state they may undertake two activation pathways, the classical …

TNF (tumor necrosis factor) is both a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine that is
central to the development of autoimmune disease, cancer, and protection against infectious …

Endotoxins and exotoxins are among the most potent bacterial inducers of cytokines. During
infectious processes, the production of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis …

For dairy cattle, the first several weeks of lactation represent the highest-risk period in their
lives after their own neonatal period. Although more than 50% of cows during this period are …

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is the prototypic pro-inflammatory cytokine. It is central to host
defense and inflammatory responses but under certain circumstances also triggers cell …