The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is involved in the pathophysiology of many
neuropsychiatric disorders. Increased HPA axis activity can be observed during chronic …

Early life adversity (ELA) is a major risk factor for mental illness, but the neurobiological
mechanisms by which ELA increases the risk for future psychopathology are still poorly …

In concert with neuropeptides and transmitters, the end products of the hypothalamus-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the glucocorticoid hormones cortisol and corticosterone …

A now substantial body of science implicates a dynamic interplay between genetic and
environmental variation in the development of individual differences in behavior and health …

Biological embedding occurs when life experience alters biological processes to affect later
life health and well-being. Although extensive correlative data exist supporting the notion …

The risk for major depression is both genetically and environmentally determined. It has
been proposed that epigenetic mechanisms could mediate the lasting increases in …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can develop following severe trauma, but the extent to
which genetic and environmental risk factors contribute to individual clinical outcomes is …

A number of prenatal experiences are associated with adverse outcomes after birth, ranging
from cardiovascular problems to psychiatric disease. Prenatal stress is associated with …

Objective: A fine-tuned balance of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activation is essential for
organ formation, with disturbances influencing many health outcomes. In utero …

To study mental illness and health, in the past researchers have often broken down their
complexity into individual subsystems (eg, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, clinical …