Adenosine acts in parallel as a neuromodulator and as a homeostatic modulator in the
central nervous system. Its neuromodulatory role relies on a balanced activation of inhibitory …

No drug has been approved to prevent neuronal cell loss in patients suffering from
Parkinson's disease (PD) or Alzheimer's disease (AD); despite increased comprehension of …

Several selective antagonists for adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) are currently under
evaluation in clinical trials (phases I to III) to treat Parkinson's disease, and they will probably …

Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are mitochondrial bound enzymes, which catalyze the
oxidative deamination of monoamine neurotransmitters. Inside the brain, MAOs are present …

The natural plant alkaloids caffeine and theophylline were the first adenosine receptor (AR)
antagonists described in the literature. They exhibit micromolar affinities and are non …

Central nervous system (CNS) disease is one of the most important causes of human death.
Because of their complex pathogenesis, more and more attention has been paid to them. At …

Highlights•Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with complex
pathophysiological pathways.•The one-drug–single-target approach is inadequate in …

Growing evidence emphasizes that the purine nucleoside adenosine plays an active role as
a local regulator in different pathologies. Adenosine is a ubiquitous nucleoside involved in …

Much progress has been made in designing analogues that can potentially confer
neuroprotection against debilitating neurodegenerative disorders, yet the multifactorial …

Introduction: According to the definition of the Committee to Identify Neuroprotective Agents
in Parkinson's Disease (CINAPS),“neuroprotection would be any intervention that favourably …