Over 500 natural and synthetic amino acids have been genetically encoded in the last two
decades. Incorporating these noncanonical amino acids into proteins enables many …

Our understanding of the complex molecular processes of living organisms at the molecular
level is growing exponentially. This knowledge, together with a powerful arsenal of tools for …

Over the last decade, the ability to genetically encode unnatural amino acids (UAAs) has
evolved rapidly. The programmed incorporation of UAAs into recombinant proteins relies on …

The direct genetically encoded cell-based synthesis of non-natural peptide and
depsipeptide macrocycles is an outstanding challenge. Here we programme the encoded …

Over the past 16 years, genetic code expansion and reprogramming in living organisms has
been transformed by advances that leverage the unique properties of pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

The emergence of robust methods to expand the genetic code allows incorporation of non-
canonical amino acids into the polypeptide chain of proteins, thus making it possible to …

The genetic incorporation of the 22nd proteinogenic amino acid, pyrrolysine (Pyl) at amber
codon is achieved by the action of pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) together with its …

Rapid, site-specific labeling of proteins with diverse probes remains an outstanding
challenge for chemical biologists. Enzyme-mediated labeling approaches may be rapid but …

The absence of orthogonal aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetases that accept non-l-α-
amino acids is a primary bottleneck hindering the in vivo translation of sequence-defined …

Genetic code reprogramming has enabled us to ribosomally incorporate various
nonproteinogenic amino acids (npAAs) into peptides in vitro. The repertoire of usable npAAs …