The respiratory immune response consists of multiple tiers of cellular responses that are
engaged in a sequential manner in order to control infections. The stepwise engagement of …

Autoreactive B and T cells are present in healthy, autoimmunity-free individuals, but they are
kept in check by various regulatory mechanisms. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) …

Interaction of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) with the immune system mainly occurs with
cells and molecules of innate immunity, which are present in interface tissues of living …

Background: The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family is involved in the recognition of and
response to microbial infections. These receptors are expressed in leukocytes. TLR …

Macrophages, the major host cells harboring Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), are a
heterogeneous cell type depending on their tissue of origin and host they are derived from …

Myeloid lineage cells suppress T cell viability through arginine depletion via arginase 1
(ARG1). Despite numerous studies exploring the mechanisms by which ARG1 perturbs …

Excessive inflammation is the primary cause of mortality in patients with severe COVID-19,
yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Our study reveals that ACE2 …

It has been more than 25 years since Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was first proposed as
an etiologic agent in Crohn's disease based on the isolation of this organism from several …

Lung disease causes significant morbidity and mortality, and is exacerbated by
environmental injury, for example through lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or ozone (O3). Toll-like …

During the last decade, significant research has been focused on Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
in the pathogenesis of airway diseases. TLRs are pattern recognition receptors that play …