The superfamily of cyclic nucleotide (cN) phosphodiesterases (PDEs) is comprised of 11
families of enzymes. PDEs break down cAMP and/or cGMP and are major determinants of …

Animal models and preclinical tests have played large roles in the development of
antidepressant drugs and are likely to continue to play important roles. In the present …

Approximately 25 years have passed since the first publication suggesting the Flinders
sensitive line (FSL) rat as an animal model of depression. At least 6 years of research on …

Despite significant research efforts aimed at understanding the neurobiological
underpinnings of mood (depression, bipolar disorder) and psychotic disorders, the …

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes that are
involved in the regulation of the intracellular second messengers cyclic AMP (cAMP) and …

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response to infection and a major cause of morbidity and
mortality. Sildenafil (SLD) is a selective and potent inhibitor of cyclic guanosine …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive deficits and synaptic
dysfunction. Over the last decade phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDEIs) have received …

Background: Depression is a disease that affects millions of people worldwide, and the
discovery and development of effective and safe antidepressant drugs is one of the …

Methylene Blue (MB) is considered to have diverse medical applications and is a well-
described treatment for methemoglobinemias and ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy. In …

Alcohol use disorders are chronically relapsing conditions characterized by persistent
drinking despite the negative impact on one's life. The difficulty of achieving and maintaining …