Metastasis in lung cancer is a multifaceted process. In this review, we will dissect the
process in several isolated steps such as angiogenesis, hypoxia, circulation, and …

The oral epithelial barrier separates the host from the environment and provides the first line
of defense against pathogens, exogenous substances and mechanical stress. It consists of …

To elucidate the apparent contradictions in vascular remodeling in the lungs of patients with
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, we evaluated alveolar vascularity in relation to the various …

The glomerular filtration barrier separates the blood from the urinary space and consists of
two major cell types: podocytes and fenestrated endothelial cells. Mesangial cells sit …

Proper formation of the pulmonary microvasculature is essential for normal lung
development and gas exchange. Lung microvascular development may be disrupted by …

VEGFs and their receptors have been implicated in the regulation of vascular permeability in
many organ systems, including the lung. Increased permeability and interstitial and …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is an important fibrogenic and immunomodulatory
factor that may play a role in the structural changes observed in the asthmatic airways. In …

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenesis factor with proinflammatory
roles. Flt-1 is one of the specific receptors for VEGF, and soluble flt-1 (sflt-1) binds to VEGF …

Pleural effusion is common in clinical practice. Increased vascular permeability and leakage
play a principal role in the development of exudative pleural effusions. In vitro and in vivo …

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the most severe form of acute lung injury (ALI),
remains a devastating condition with a high mortality. It is characterised by alveolar injury …