Errors in probabilistic reasoning have been the focus of much psychology research and are
among the original topics of modern behavioral economics. This chapter reviews theory and …

Humans do not integrate new information objectively: outcomes carrying a positive affective
value and evidence confirming one's own prior belief are overweighed. Until recently …

A key question in the literature on motivated reasoning and self-deception is how motivated
beliefs are sustained in the presence of feedback. In this paper, we explore dynamic …

In this paper, we provide a perspective into the main ideas and findings emerging from the
growing literature on motivated beliefs and reasoning. This perspective emphasizes that …

Motivated control refers to the coordination of behaviour to achieve affectively valenced
outcomes or goals. The study of motivated control traditionally assumes a distinction …

The ability to anticipate is a hallmark of cognition. Inferences about what will occur in the
future are critical to decision making, enabling us to prepare our actions so as to avoid harm …

Confirmation bias is one of the most widely discussed epistemically problematic cognitions,
challenging reliable belief formation and the correction of inaccurate views. Given its …

One of the most salient attributes of information is valence: whether a piece of news is good
or bad. Contrary to classic learning theories, which implicitly assume beliefs are adjusted …

When forming and updating beliefs about future life outcomes, people tend to consider good
news and to disregard bad news. This tendency is assumed to support the optimism bias …

One of the most dramatic demonstrations of the role of the mind in one's apprehension of the
world is the existence of cognitive biases. This chapter presents a three‐category framework …