Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common disease in aging dogs and cats but frequently goes
undiagnosed and untreated. Although OA cannot be cured, long-term management of the …

Canine osteoarthritis is a significant cause of pain in many dogs and can therefore
compromise animal welfare. As the understanding of the biology and pain mechanisms …

Rationale: The robust advances in pain management for companion animals underlie the
decision of the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) and American Association of …

Now in its 7th edition, this popular, must-have text remains the only encyclopedic resource
for veterinary internal medical problems. The internationally acclaimed" gold standard" offers …

Laboratory Animal Anaesthesia, Fourth Edition provides a basic guide to anaesthesia for a
very diverse audience needing content, with straight-forward, structured style of writing …

Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery, Fifth Edition provides current information
regarding surgical techniques from the perspective of clinicians who are performing specific …

Tramadol is an analgesic agent and is used in dogs and cats. Tramadol exerts its action
through interactions with opioid, serotonin and adrenergic receptors. The opioid effect of …

Objective To compare the effects of morphine (MOR), methadone (MET), butorphanol (BUT)
and tramadol (TRA), in combination with acepromazine, on sedation, cardiorespiratory …

Opioids are considered the gold standard to manage acute or chronic or mild to severe pain.
Tramadol is a widely prescribed analgesic drug for dogs and cats; it has a synthetic partial …

Neuropathic pain is difficult to diagnose in veterinary patients because they are unable to
verbalize their pain. By assuming that neuropathic pain may exist based on the history of …