The exploration of the universe has recently entered a new era thanks to the multi-
messenger paradigm, characterized by a continuous increase in the quantity and quality of …

This report describes the physics case, the resulting detector requirements, and the evolving
detector concepts for the experimental program at the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). The EIC …

High energy collisions at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (LHC) produce a large
number of particles along the beam collision axis, outside of the acceptance of existing LHC …

We present a measurement of the high-energy astrophysical muon–neutrino flux with the
IceCube Neutrino Observatory. The measurement uses a high-purity selection of650k …

The Glashow resonance describes the resonant formation of a W− boson during the
interaction of a high-energy electron antineutrino with an electron, peaking at an …

The present white paper is submitted as part of the “Snowmass” process to help inform the
long-term plans of the United States Department of Energy and the National Science …

The theory of the strong force, quantum chromodynamics, describes the proton in terms of
quarks and gluons. The proton is a state of two up quarks and one down quark bound by …

Astrophysical neutrinos are excellent probes of astroparticle physics and high-energy
physics. With energies far beyond solar, supernovae, atmospheric, and accelerator …

An overwhelming number of theoretical predictions for hadron colliders require parton
distribution functions (PDFs), which are an important ingredient of theory infrastructure for …

Abstract Neutrinos are the Standard Model (SM) particles which we understand the least,
often due to how weakly they interact with the other SM particles. Beyond this, very little is …