Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor
and non-motor symptoms, among which are bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor as well as mental …

Summary Parkinson's disease (PD), which is the second most common neurodegenerative
disorder after Alzheimer's disease, is firstly defined after James Parkinson's report. It carries …

The protein parkin, encoded by the PARK2 gene, is vital for mitochondrial homeostasis, and
although it has been implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD), the disease mechanisms …

Extrapyramidal movement disorders include hypokinetic rigid and hyperkinetic or mixed
forms, most of them originating from dysfunction of the basal ganglia (BG) and their …

Aims Several studies suggested that ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K ATP) are
potential therapeutic targets for protection against various neurodegenerative disorders, yet …

Neuroinflammation induced by activation of the high mobility group box 1/toll-like receptor 4
(HMGB1/TLR4) axis is one of the principal mechanisms involved in dopaminergic neuronal …

It has long been accepted that mitochondrial function and morphology is affected in
Parkinson's disease, and that mitochondrial function can be directly related to its …

Infectious diseases caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae have
exponentially increased in the past decade, and are a major concern in hospitals. In the first …

Parkinson's disease (PD) has caused most economies to lose their active human capital.
Due to poor understanding of the pathophysiology of PD, PD animal models were …

Introduction: Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's are among
the most common neurological disorders in older adults, characterized by the gradual loss of …