In the Anthropocene, in which we now live, climate change is impacting most life on Earth.
Microorganisms support the existence of all higher trophic life forms. To understand how …

Diatoms sustain the marine food web and contribute to the export of carbon from the surface
ocean to depth. They account for about 40% of marine primary productivity and particulate …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

The seabed plays a key role in the marine carbon cycle as a) the terminal location of aerobic
oxidation of organic matter, b) the greatest anaerobic bioreactor, and c) the greatest …

The Arctic sea-ice-scape is rapidly transforming. Increasing light penetration will initiate
earlier seasonal primary production. This earlier growing season may be accompanied by …

The Earth's cryosphere comprises those regions that are cold enough for water to turn into
ice. Recent findings show that the icy realms of polar oceans, glaciers and ice sheets are …

Sea ice in the Arctic is one of the most rapidly changing components of the global climate
system. Over the past few decades, summer areal extent has declined over 30%, and all …

Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …

BACKGROUND Marine ecosystems are composed of a diverse array of life forms, the
majority of which are unicellular—archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. The power of these …

Although mounting evidence suggests the ubiquity of microplastic in aquatic ecosystems
worldwide, our knowledge of its distribution in remote environments such as Polar Regions …