Plants associate with a wide range of microorganisms, with both detrimental and beneficial
outcomes. Central to plant survival is the ability to recognize invading microorganisms and …

Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are molecular signatures typical of whole
classes of microbes, and their recognition plays a key role in innate immunity. Endogenous …

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can form a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship
with most land plants. They are known to secrete lysin motif (LysM) effectors into host root …

The primary objective of this study was to identify the molecular signals present in
arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) germinated spore exudates (GSE s) responsible for activating …

Microorganisms are found everywhere, and they are closely associated with plants.
Because the establishment of any plant–microbe association involves chemical …

Chitin is a major molecular pattern for various fungi, and its fragments, chitin
oligosaccharides, are known to induce various defense responses in plant cells. A plasma …

Chitin, a polymer of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, is found in fungal cell walls but not in plants.
Plant cells can perceive chitin fragments (chitooligosaccharides) leading to gene induction …

Perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) constitutes the first layer of
plant innate immunity and is referred to as PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). For a long time …

In plant innate immunity, the first line of microbial recognition leading to active defence
responses relies on the perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by …

Bacteria retain certain proteins at their cell envelopes by attaching them in a non‐covalent
manner to peptidoglycan, using specific protein domains, such as the prominent LysM (Lysin …