Highlights•SAXS captures architecture and dynamics to elucidate molecular
ensembles.•SAXS advances now probe key thermodynamic and kinetic properties of …

It is now generally accepted that macromolecules do not act in isolation but “live” in a
crowded environment, that is, an environment populated by numerous different molecules …

This comprehensive Review delves into the chemical principles governing RNA-mediated
crowding events, commonly referred to as granules or biological condensates. We explore …

A comprehensive understanding of protein folding and biomolecular self-assembly in the
intracellular environment requires obtaining a microscopic view of the crowding effects. The …

RNA regulates myriad cellular events such as transcription, translation, and splicing. To
perform these essential functions, RNA often folds into complex tertiary structures in which …

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of RNA-protein complexes plays a major role in the
cellular function of membraneless organelles (MLOs). MLOs are sensitive to changes in …

We report the effect of neutral macromolecular crowders poly (ethylene glycol)(PEG)(8 kDa)
and Ficoll (70 kDa) on liquid–liquid phase separation in a polyuridylic acid (polyU)/spermine …

Functional biomolecules, such as RNA, encapsulated inside a protocellular membrane are
believed to have comprised a very early, critical stage in the evolution of life, since …

Biomolecular folding in cells can be strongly influenced by spatial overlap/excluded volume
interactions (ie,“crowding”) with intracellular solutes. As a result, traditional in vitro …

RNA plays key regulatory roles in diverse cellular processes, where its functionality often
derives from folding into and converting between structures. Many RNAs further rely on co …