Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is established to be involved in the pathogenesis of
diabetic nephropathy. The diabetic milieu enhances oxidative stress and induces the …

Orofacial clefting is the most common congenital craniofacial malformation, appearing in
approximately 1 in 700 live births. Orofacial clefting includes several distinct anatomic …

Cranial neural crest (CNC) cells give rise to bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments of the
vertebrate craniofacial musculoskeletal complex, as well as regulate mesoderm-derived …

Skeletal muscle powers all movement of the vertebrate body and is distributed in multiple
regions that have evolved distinct functions. Axial muscles are ancestral muscles essential …

Patterning of craniofacial muscles overtly begins with the activation of lineage‐specific
markers at precise, evolutionarily conserved locations within prechordal, lateral, and both …

Disrupted ERK1/2 signaling is associated with several developmental syndromes in
humans. To understand the function of ERK2 (MAPK1) in the postmigratory neural crest …

Orofacial congenital defects such as cleft lip and/or palate are associated with impaired
muscle regeneration and fibrosis after surgery. Also, other orofacial reconstructions or …

The rapid increase in gene-centric biological knowledge coupled with analytic approaches
for genomewide data integration provides an opportunity to develop systems-level …

Ciliopathies are a class of diseases caused by the loss of a ubiquitous, microtubule-based
organelle called a primary cilium. Ciliopathies commonly result in defective development of …

The communication between myogenic cells and their surrounding connective tissues is
indispensable for muscle morphogenesis. During late embryonic development in mice …