Metabolic syndrome (MetS) forms a cluster of metabolic dysregulations including insulin
resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, central obesity, and hypertension. The pathogenesis …

The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of
research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some …

Chronic low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue (AT) is a hallmark of obesity and
contributes to various metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular …

The liver is a dynamic organ that plays critical roles in many physiological processes,
including the regulation of systemic glucose and lipid metabolism. Dysfunctional hepatic …

Hepatic steatosis is an underlying feature of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which
is the most common form of liver disease and is present in up to∼ 70% of individuals who …

Obesity and insulin resistance are the major predisposing factors to comorbidities, such as
Type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative …

Clear evidence indicates that cytokines, for instance, adipokines, hepatokines, inflammatory
cytokines, myokines, and osteokines, contribute substantially to the development of …

Background The liver is a key regulator of systemic energy homeostasis and can sense and
respond to nutrient excess and deficiency through crosstalk with multiple tissues. Regulation …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has a key role in innate immunity by activating an
inflammatory signaling pathway. Free fatty acids (FFAs) stimulate adipose tissue …

The liver is known to be involved in the natural history of the ongoing epidemics of type 2
diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. In particular, the liver has a role in increased …