Pharmaceutical drugs have become consumer products, with a daily use for some of them.
The volume of production and consumption of drugs is such that they have become …

The gonadal steroids estradiol and progesterone exert critical suppressive and stimulatory
actions upon the brain to control gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release that …

A subpopulation of kisspeptin neurons located in the arcuate nucleus (ARN) operate as the
GnRH pulse generator. The activity of this population of neurons can be monitored in real …

This review considers three aspects of recent work on the role of KNDy neurons in GnRH
pulse generation in ruminants. First, work on basic mechanisms of pulse generation …

Sheep and goat are seasonally polyestrous animals, which means they exhibit spontaneous
estrus and ovulation during periods of short daylight (breeding season) but not during …

Synchronization of mammalian breeding activity to the annual change of photoperiod and
environmental conditions is of the utmost importance for individual survival and species …

Puberty is a developmental period characterized by a broad range of physiologic changes
necessary for the acquisition of adult sexual and reproductive maturity. These changes …

The development of the neuroendocrine system, including the hypothalamic–pituitary–
gonadal (HPG) axis, is sensitive to environmental impacts during critical developmental …

Uncovering the central mechanism underlying mammalian reproduction is warranted to
develop new therapeutic approaches for reproductive disorders in humans and domestic …

Introduction: Postweaning social isolation (PWSI) in rodents is an advanced psychosocial
stress model in early life. Some psychosocial stress, such as restrain and isolation, disrupts …