Bath smelting and converting technologies for copper production have been improved,
resulting in higher production efficiency and less polluting emissions. Reported studies on …

The pyrometallurgical industry plays a vital role in producing metals for our modern life. With
growing demand of metals and declining grade of mineable ore, innovations become critical …

The emerging bottom blown copper smelting (SKS) technology has attracted growing
interest since it came into production. To further reveal the agitation behavior inside the bath …

Tremendous progress has been made over the last several decades in improving the
pyrometallurgical processing routes of nonferrous metals, such as aluminum, copper, and …

Copper matte converting is the key step to ensure high primary copper recovery in the
smelting chain. Its development and the fundamental research carried out over the past …

There has been a great deal of focus on the optimization of tuyere arrangements in SKS
bottom blown copper smelting furnaces since the last decade, as the improved furnace …

CFD simulation using a multi-fluid VOF model on scaled-down SKS furnace multiphase flow
was conducted, targeting the agitation performance under conditions of different tuyere …

For the recovery and utilization of valuable metals in metallurgical solid waste, a side-blown
vortex smelting reduction reactor is proposed for the recovery of Fe from copper slag. A …

Oxygen lances are key equipment for copper converters. The effect of the lance
arrangement on the mixing of a gas–slag two–phase is discussed using numerical …

Peirce—Smith copper converting involves complex multiphase flow and mixing. In this work,
the flow zone distribution and mixing time in a Peirce—Smith copper converter were …