Abstract IL-4 and IL-13 are pleiotropic Th2 cytokines produced by a wide variety of different
cell types and responsible for a broad range of biology and functions. Physiologically, Th2 …

Abstract Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a cytokine of increasing interest to gastroenterologists
because of its developing role in ulcerative colitis, eosinophilic oesophagitis (EO) and …

Generalized vitiligo is an acquired disorder in which patches of depigmented skin, overlying
hair and oral mucosa result from progressive autoimmune loss of melanocytes from the …

Introduction Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a frequent manifestation of systemic sclerosis
(SSc), and cytokines can contribute to the disease pathology. The aim of the current study …

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) with pulmonary fibrosis is an important manifestation in
systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma) where it portends a poor prognosis. However …

Objective T lymphocytes play an important role in systemic sclerosis (SSc), a connective
tissue disease characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, and vascular damage. While their …

Abstract Interleukin-13 (IL-13) was previously thought to be a redundant presence of IL-4,
but in recent years its role in immunity, inflammation, fibrosis, and allergic diseases has …

Objective The aim of this paper is to review the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-13
and their receptor signals; we discuss new insight into their possible roles in systemic …

Introduction The crucial role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis
(SSc) is well established, and in the past few years the hypothesis that Toll-like receptor 4 …

Development of personalized treatment regimens is hampered by lack of insight into how
individual animal models reflect subsets of human disease, and autoimmune and …