CONTEXT: Numerous faces scales have been developed for the measurement of pain
intensity in children. It remains unclear whether any one of the faces scales is better for a …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Faces Pain Scale–Revised (FPS-R) and Color
Analog Scale (CAS) are self-report pain scales commonly used in children but insufficiently …

Importance Timely analgesia is critical for children with injuries presenting to the emergency
department, yet pain control efforts are often inadequate. Intranasal administration of pain …

Background: Recent warnings from Health Canada regarding codeine for children have led
to increased use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and morphine for common injuries …

STUDY OBJECTIVE: We compare the treatment of pain in children with arm fractures by
ibuprofen 10 mg/kg versus acetaminophen with codeine 1 mg/kg/dose (codeine …

Background. Fear of adverse events and occurrence of side effects are commonly cited by
families and physicians as obstructive to appropriate use of pain medication in children. We …

Background. Pain management for children with musculoskeletal injuries is suboptimal and,
in the absence of clear evidence‐based guidelines, varies significantly. Objective. To …

Tonsillectomy is an extremely common surgical procedure associated with significant
morbidity and mortality. The post-operative challenges include: respiratory complications …

Objectives The objective was to determine the minimum and ideal clinically significant
differences (MCSD, ICSD) in pain intensity in children for the Faces Pain Scale–Revised …