▪ Abstract Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) exists in a nested hierarchy of populations. There are
multiple mtDNAs within each mitochondrion, a population of mitochondria in each cell …

Examining genomic data for traces of selection provides a powerful tool for identifying
genomic regions of functional importance. Many methods for identifying such regions have …

Studies of molecular evolutionary rates have yielded a wide range of rate estimates for
various genes and taxa. Recent studies based on population-level and pedigree data have …

The wealth of information on the genetics of pigmentation and the clear fitness
consequences of many pigmentation phenotypes provide an opportunity to study the …

Patterns of geographic variation in phenotype or genotype may provide evidence for natural
selection. Here, we compare phenotypic variation in color, allele frequencies of a …

Time-scales estimated from sequence data play an important role in molecular ecology.
They can be used to draw correlations between evolutionary and palaeoclimatic events, to …

The age of an allele can be estimated both from genetic variation among different copies
(intra-allelic variation) and from its frequency. Estimates based on intra-allelic variation …

We have attempted to quantify the frequency and effects of slightly deleterious mutations
(SDMs), those that have selective effects close to the reciprocal of the effective population …

After the effective size of a population, Ne, declines, some slightly deleterious amino acid
replacements which were initially suppressed by purifying selection become effectively …

This paper reviews how statistical tests of neutrality have been used to address questions in
molecular ecology are reviewed. The work consists of four major parts: a brief review of the …