Norepinephrine (NE) is a neuromodulator that in multiple ways regulates the activity of
neuronal and non-neuronal cells. NE participates in the rapid modulation of cortical circuits …

α1-adrenergic receptors are G-Protein Coupled Receptors that are involved in
neurotransmission and regulate the sympathetic nervous system through binding and …

The anterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) has been recognized as a critical
structure in regulating trait anxiety, contextual fear memory, and appetitive behavior, and is …

Kappa opioid receptors (KORs) are involved in a variety of aversive behavioral states,
including anxiety. To date, a circuit-based mechanism for KOR-driven anxiety has not been …

Norepinephrine (NE) is synthesized in the Locus Coeruleus (LC) of the brainstem, from
where it is released by axonal varicosities throughout the brain via volume transmission. A …

Complex motivated behavioral processes, such as those that can go awry following
substance abuse and other neuropsychiatric disorders, are mediated by a distributive …

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is widely acknowledged as a brain structure
that regulates stress and anxiety states, as well as aversive and appetitive behaviours. The …

The neuromodulator noradrenaline (NA) is released in almost all brain areas in a highly
diffused manner. Its action is slow, as it acts through G protein-coupled receptors, but its …

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a brain region important for regulating
anxiety-related behavior in both humans and rodents. Here we used a chemogenetic …

Somatostatin (SST) neurons have been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders
such as depression and anxiety, but their role in substance use disorders, including alcohol …