Permafrost is a key element of the cryosphere and an essential climate variable in the
Global Climate Observing System. There is no remote-sensing method available to reliably …

Modelling ice and snow melt is of large practical and scientific interest, including issues such
as water resource management, avalanche forecasting, glacier dynamics, hydrology and …

Glacier shrinkage and the development of post-glacial ecosystems related to anthropogenic
climate change are some of the fastest ongoing ecosystem shifts, with marked ecological …

Key observational indicators of climate change in the Arctic, most spanning a 47 year period
(1971–2017) demonstrate fundamental changes among nine key elements of the Arctic …

An intensified hydrological cycle with global warming is expected to increase the intensity
and frequency of extreme precipitation events. However, whether and to what extent the …

Western United States wildfire increases have been generally attributed to warming
temperatures, either through effects on winter snowpack or summer evaporation. However …

Densely populated floodplains downstream of Asia's mountain ranges depend heavily on
mountain water resources, in particular for irrigation. An intensive and complex multi …

Abstract Irrigated agriculture in South Asia depends on meltwater, monsoon rains and
groundwater. Climate change alters the hydrology and causes shifts in the timing …

Antarctic terrestrial biodiversity occurs almost exclusively in ice-free areas that cover less
than 1% of the continent. Climate change will alter the extent and configuration of ice-free …

Glaciers in the European Alps play an important role in the hydrological cycle, act as a
source for hydroelectricity and have a large touristic importance. The future evolution of …