This article examines to what extent ideological incongruence (ie, mismatch between policy
positions of voters and parties) increases the entry of new parties in national parliamentary …

By utilizing unique data capturing candidates' ideological positions in Finnish municipal
elections and leveraging exogenous changes in council size at different population …

Districted proportional systems give an edge to right-wing parties that are more popular in
rural areas where district magnitude is small and large parties are mechanically …

We propose a new system of democratic representation. Any voter can choose any legislator
as her representative; thus, different legislators can represent different numbers of voters …

Party identification is a well‐documented force in political behaviour. However, the vast
majority of work on partisanship considers only its positive side, rather than recognizing that …

New parties are a key mechanism behind party system innovation as voters are offered new
choices. To explain party entry (ie participation in a lower house election for the first time) …

Polarization is a key characteristic of party systems, but scholars disagree about how
polarization relates to the number of parties in a system. Different authors find positive …

We report the findings from a study that explores candidate participation in a context where
citizens can become candidates under both plurality and run-off voting systems. The study …

When a majority of voters has common values, but private information, then the runoff rule
always admits an equilibrium that aggregates information strictly better than any equilibrium …

I study a model of electoral competition where two parties that care about both the spoils of
office and policy compete by announcing policy platforms. Parties are characterized by their …