The immune system is a life history trait that can be expected to trade off against other life
history traits. Whether or not a trait is considered to be a life history trait has consequences …

Despite many decades of research, the allometric scaling of metabolic rates (MRs) remains
poorly understood. Here, we argue that scaling exponents of these allometries do not …

Trade-offs and constraints are inherent to life, and studies of these phenomena play a
central role in both organismal and evolutionary biology. Trade-offs can be defined …

Over the past decade, there has been a substantial increase in interest in the immune
system and the role it plays in the regulation of disease susceptibility, giving rise to the field …

Hormesis (low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition) can be accompanied by hormetic
trade-offs, that is, stimulation of some traits and inhibition (trade-off 1) or invariability (trade …

In order to explain the huge variation in parental behaviour, evolutionary biologists have
traditionally used a cost–benefit approach, which enables them to analyse behavioural traits …

A central tenet of life‐history theory is that investment in reproduction compromises survival.
However, the underlying physiological mechanisms that link reproduction to survival are …

Vertebrate sickness behaviors, which include lethargy, anorexia, and decreased libido, can
facilitate defense against pathogens by conserving energy for use in other immune …

The urban environment presents new and different challenges to wildlife, but also potential
opportunities depending on the species. As urban encroachment onto native habitats …

Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone/cytokine that links nutritional status with
neuroendocrine and immune functions. Initially described as an anti-obesity hormone, leptin …