Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) include a wide spectrum of thyroid diseases affecting
more commonly women than men. The most frequent forms are Graves' Disease (GD) and …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a group of drugs employed in the treatment of
various types of malignant tumors and improve the therapeutic effect. ICIs blocks negative co …

Thyroiditis is a general term for inflammation of the thyroid gland. The most common forms of
thyroiditis encountered by family physicians include Hashimoto, postpartum, and subacute …

Levothyroxine (LT4) is a safe, effective means of hormone replacement therapy for
hypothyroidism. Here, we review the pharmaceutical, pathophysiological and behavioural …

Icariin (ICA) is a natural flavonoid isolated from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb,
Epimedium brevicornu Maxim. Although previous studies have reported that ICA exhibits …

The retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors involved in, for
example, differentiation and apoptosis regulation. Currently used reference RXR agonists …

Background Cancer chemotherapy is associated with various tissue toxicities that limit its
use. Cyclophosphamide (CYC) is one of the most commonly used antineoplastic and …

Background Previous studies showed that although the risk of thyroid dysfunction [thyroid
immune-related adverse events (irAEs)] induced by anti-programmed cell death-1 …

Introduction Immune-checkpoint inhibitor therapy modulates the response of the immune
system acting against cancer. Two pathways impacted by this kind of treatment are the …

Background Thyroid dysfunction is frequently caused by treatment with antiprogrammed cell
death-1 ligand 1 antibodies (PD-L1-Abs) and anticancer drugs, including ramucirumab …