Vaccination is one of the most efficient strategies for the prevention of infectious diseases.
Although safer, subunit vaccines are poorly immunogenic and for this reason the use of …

Vaccination remains a key tool in the protection and eradication of diseases. However, the
development of new safe and effective vaccines is not easy. Various live organism based …

Providing comprehensive coverage of the biological activities and industrial applications of
Chitin, Chitosan, oligosaccharides, and their derivatives, this book presents a balance of …

Mucosal surfaces are the major entrance for infectious pathogens and therefore mucosal
immune responses serve as a first line of defence. Most current immunization procedures …

The current prevalence of infectious diseases in many developing regions of the world is a
serious burden, impacting both the general health as well as economic growth of these …

Most pathogens initiate their infections at the human mucosal surface. Therefore, mucosal
vaccination, especially through oral or intranasal administration routes, is highly desired for …

New effective adjuvants are required to improve the performance of subunit vaccines. Here,
we showed that bis-(3′, 5′)-cyclic dimeric adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP), a …

The vast majority of human pathogens colonize and invade at the mucosal surfaces.
Preventing infection at these sites via mucosally active vaccines is a promising and rational …

Modern subunit vaccines are composed of antigens and a delivery system and/or adjuvant
(immune stimulator) that triggers the desired immune responses. Adjuvants mimic pathogen …

Introduction: Mucosal vaccine development faces several challenges and opportunities.
Critical issues for effective mucosal vaccination include the antigen-retention period that …