As a class of vertebrates, amphibians, are at greater risk for declines or extinctions than any
other vertebrate group, including birds and mammals. There are many threats, including …

Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) flexibility is an emerging concept recognizing
that individuals that will cope best with stressors will probably be those using their hormones …

In the last decades, it is growing the idea that stress-induced immunomodulation is bimodal:
with acute stress associated with enhancing effects while chronic stress with suppressive …

Understanding the determinants of the range expansion of invasive alien species is crucial
for developing effective prevention and control strategies. Nevertheless, we still lack a global …

Individuals colonizing new areas at expanding ranges encounter numerous and
unpredictable stressors. Exposure to unfamiliar environments suggests that colonists would …

Variation in food resources can result in dramatic fluctuations in the body condition of
animals dependent on those resources. Decreases in body mass can disrupt patterns of …

Immunoenhancing effects have been widely described following acute stressors in several
vertebrates, and valuable contributions have been made from studies on acute stress to …

It is important to evaluate the role of captivity as a potential stressor. An understanding of
stress responses to capture and transition to captivity may inform the limitations of laboratory …

Biological invasions can disrupt the close and longstanding coevolved relationships
between host and parasites. At the same time, the shifting selective forces acting on …

Recent studies have shown that acute physiological increases in endogenous
glucocorticoid levels have immunostimulatory effects. Although post-acute stress …