Ubiquitin E3 ligases control every aspect of eukaryotic biology by promoting protein
ubiquitination and degradation. At the end of a three-enzyme cascade, ubiquitin ligases …

RING finger domain and RING finger-like ubiquitin ligases (E3s), such as U-box proteins,
constitute the vast majority of known E3s. RING-type E3s function together with ubiquitin …

Many plant-associated microbes are pathogens that impair plant growth and reproduction.
Plants respond to infection using a two-branched innate immune system. The first branch …

E3 ligases confer specificity to ubiquitination by recognizing target substrates and mediating
transfer of ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme to substrate. The activity of …

The evolution of the plant immune response has culminated in a highly effective defense
system that is able to resist potential attack by microbial pathogens. The primary immune …

Cell-surface-localized plant immune receptors, such as FLS2, detect pathogen-associated
molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) through poorly …

Plants, like other eukaryotes, rely on proteolysis to control the abundance of key regulatory
proteins and enzymes. Strikingly, genome-wide studies have revealed that the ubiquitin-26S …

Pathogenicity of most Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria depends on the type III
secretion (T3S) system, which translocates bacterial effector proteins into plant cells. Type III …

Plant-associated organisms secrete proteins and other molecules to modulate plant defense
circuitry and enable colonization of plant tissue. Understanding the molecular function of …

The plant basal immune system can detect broadly present m icrobe-a ssociated m olecular
p atterns (MAMPs, also called PAMPs) and induce defenses, but adapted microbes express …