Circoviruses (CV) include some of the smallest viruses known. They were named after their
circularly arranged single-stranded DNA genome with a gene encoding a conserved …

Abstract Globally, Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes over 20 million cases worldwide. HEV is
an emerging and endemic pathogen within economically developed countries, chiefly …

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen transmitting both human to human
via the fecal oral route and from animals to humans through feces, direct contact, and …

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a cosmopolitan foodborne pathogen. The viral agent infects
humans through the consumption of contaminated food (uncooked or undercooked). Most …

Fresh vegetables and their ready-to-eat (RTE) salads have become increasingly recognized
as potential vehicles for foodborne diseases. The EU Reg. 1441/2007 establishes …

Porcine circovirus (PCV) is one of the smallest known DNA viruses in mammals. At present,
PCVs are divided into three species, PCV1, PCV2, and PCV3. PCV1 and PCV2 were found …

Abstract Shellfish samples (n= 384) from production areas, water samples from the same
areas (n= 39) and from nearby sewage discharge points (n= 29) were analyzed for hepatitis …

Coastal waters can become contaminated with both human waste from sewage treatment
plants and runoff following manure application. Thus, shellfish produced close to land can …

Abstract Shellfish samples (n= 310) purchased from local supermarkets were analysed for
the presence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) by nested RT-PCR and real-time qRT-PCR. Overall …

The hepatitis E virus (HEV) affects almost 20 million individuals annually, causing
approximately 3.3 million acute liver injuries, 56,600 deaths, and huge healthcare …