This article reviews the economic impacts of climate change and the policy implications of
the results. Current estimates indicate that climate change will likely have a limited impact on …

The shadow price, or 'social cost', of carbon is an important indicator of the global
incremental damage done by emitting greenhouse gases today. Cost–benefit analysis …

Forecasts by economists of the economic damage from climate change have been notably
sanguine, compared to warnings by scientists about damage to the biosphere. This is …

I review the literature on the economic impacts of climate change, an externality that is
unprecedentedly large, complex, and uncertain. Only 14 estimates of the total damage cost …

A daptation refers to adjustments in ecological, social, or economic systems in response to
actual or expected climatic stimuli and their effects or impacts. It refers to changes in …

Given the vast uncertainty surrounding climate impacts, meta-analyses of global climate
damage estimates are a key tool for determining the relationship between temperature and …

One hundred and three estimates of the marginal damage costs of carbon dioxide emissions
were gathered from 28 published studies and combined to form a probability density …

This paper uses imputed national climate change impact functions to estimate national
social costs of carbon, which are largest in poor countries with large populations. The …

This paper introduces a new version of the PAGE model, PAGE2002, which includes all five
of the IPCC's reasons for concern about climate change. Calculations with PAGE2002 give …

Despite the many benefits of energy, most of which are reflected in energy market prices, the
production, distribution, and use of energy causes negative effects. Many of these negative …