Understanding the influence of solar variability on the Earth's climate requires knowledge of
solar variability, solar‐terrestrial interactions, and the mechanisms determining the response …

We review evidence for climate change over the past several millennia from instrumental
and high‐resolution climate “proxy” data sources and climate modeling studies. We focus on …

Global temperatures are known to have varied over the past 1500 years, but the spatial
patterns have remained poorly defined. We used a global climate proxy network to …

This report is the first complete assessment of the science of climate change since Working
Group I (WGI) of the IPCC produced its second report Climate Change 1995: The Science of …

The Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) was the most recent pre-industrial era warm interval
of European climate, yet its driving mechanisms remain uncertain. We present here a 947 …

Observed climate change and variability (for definitions, see the IPCC Glossary, Appendix I)
are considered in this chapter by addressing seven commonly asked questions related to …

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of previous studies and concepts
concerning the North Atlantic Oscillation. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and its recent …

This paper discusses the state of European research in historical climatology. This field of
science and an overview of its development are described in detail. Special attention is …

Abstract The twentieth century Northern Hemisphere mean surface temperature (NHT) is
characterized by a multidecadal warming‐cooling‐warming pattern followed by a flat trend …

Knowledge of past climate variability is crucial for understanding and modeling current and
future climate trends. This article reviews present knowledge of changes in temperatures …