The forced swim test (FST) is a behavioral test in rodents which was developed in 1978 by
Porsolt and colleagues as a model for predicting the clinical efficacy of antidepressant …

Estrogen (E 2) has many effects in the central nervous system, including effects on anxiety
and depression behavior. This review will address effects of E 2 on behaviors related to …

The elevated plus maze is a widely used behavioral assay for rodents and it has been
validated to assess the anti-anxiety effects of pharmacological agents and steroid hormones …

Of the many conceptual distinctions present in psychology today, the approach-avoidance
distinction stands out as one of, if not the, most fundamental and basic. The distinction …

Major depression is a debilitating and recurrent disorder with a substantial lifetime risk and a
high social cost. Depressed patients generally display co-morbid symptoms, and depression …

In this article, we examine evidence supporting the role of reproductive steroids in the
regulation of mood and behavior in women and the nature of that role. In the first half of the …

The elevated plus maze (EPM) and elevated zero maze (EZM) are behavioral tests that are
widely employed to assess anxiety-like behaviors in rats and mice following experimental …

Recent studies describe sex and gender as critical factors conditioning the experience of
pain and the strategies to respond to it. It is now clear that men and women have different …

Progesterone and its metabolites promote the viability of neurons in the brain and spinal
cord. Their neuroprotective effects have been documented in different lesion models …

Pregnancy and motherhood constitute periods of tremendous hormonal variation that
orchestrate parturition, lactation, maternal care, maternal aggression, and recognition of …