Stress is a primary risk factor for several neuropsychiatric disorders. Evidence from
preclinical models and clinical studies of depression have revealed an array of structural …

The microbial ecosystem that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of all mammals—the gut
microbiota—has been in a symbiotic relationship with its hosts over many millennia. Thanks …

Several mental illnesses, characterized by aberrant stress reactivity, often arise after early-
life adversity (ELA). However, it is unclear how ELA affects stress-related brain circuit …

The immediate and long-term effects of exposure to early life stress (ELS) have been
documented in humans and animal models. Even relatively brief periods of stress during the …

Biological embedding occurs when life experience alters biological processes to affect later
life health and well-being. Although extensive correlative data exist supporting the notion …

The physiological stress response is responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis in the
presence of real or perceived challenges. In this function, the brain activates adaptive …

Human brain development is influenced by early-life experiences, particularly during
sensitive periods, with impact on cognitive and emotional outcomes. Understanding how the …

Neurological illnesses, including cognitive impairment, memory decline and dementia, affect
over 50 million people worldwide, imposing a substantial burden on individuals and society …

Across species, caregivers exert a powerful influence on the neural and behavioral
development of offspring. Increasingly, both animal and human research has highlighted …

Maternal care is a critical determinant of child development. However, our understanding of
processes and mechanisms by which maternal behavior influences the developing human …