The immune system protects the body against harm by inducing inflammation. During the
immune response, cells of the immune system get activated, divided and differentiated in …

Hyperactivation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK cascade-a mitogen-activated protein kinase
pathway–has a well-known association with oncogenesis of leading tumor entities, including …

Background AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic sensor that maintains
energy homeostasis. AMPK functions as a tumor suppressor in different cancers; however …

Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), expressed on tumor-infiltrating T cells, is a T cell
exhaustion marker. The mechanisms underlying PD-1 upregulation in CD4 T cells remain …

Lipids are involved in both energy metabolism and signaling transduction. Abnormal lipid
metabolism in T cells is associated with the differentiation, longevity and activity of T cells …

Abstract CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs play an important role in the maintenance of the
immune system by regulating immune responses and resolving inflammation. Tregs exert …

Immuno-environmental change triggers CD4+ T cell differentiation. T cell specialization
activates metabolic signal pathways to meet energy requirements. Defective T cell-intrinsic …

More and more discoveries have been made about the chronic toxic effects of aluminum, but
the specific mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, we explored the perturbation …

Metabolic inflammation, defined as a chronic low-grade inflammation, is implicated in
numerous metabolic diseases. In recent years, the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) as key …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential to the negative regulation of the immune system, as
they avoid excessive inflammation and mediate tumor development. The abundance of …