Postnatal growth and development of the human body and its specific organs are regulated
by a complex network of local and systemic factors which is poorly understood. This review …

There is widespread anecdotal evidence that growth hormone (GH) is used by athletes for
its anabolic and lipolytic properties. Although there is little evidence that GH improves …

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous blood product used to treat acute
and chronic tendon, ligament, and muscle injuries in over 86,000 athletes in the United …

The syndrome of adult GH deficiency and the effects of GH replacement therapy provide a
useful model with which to study the effects of the GH/IGF-I axis on exercise physiology …

Background: Human growth hormone is reportedly used to enhance athletic performance,
although its safety and efficacy for this purpose are poorly understood. Purpose: To evaluate …

Background: Growth hormone is widely abused by athletes, frequently with androgenic
steroids. Its effects on performance are unclear. Objective: To determine the effect of growth …

Hormones with anabolic properties such as growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-
1 (IGF-I), and insulin are commonly abused among professional and recreational athletes to …

Objective To measure a profile of hormones in a group of elite athletes. Increasing
awareness of the widespread use of hormones as performance‐enhancing agents focusses …

Experimental and observational studies in humans and animals suggest that insulin-like
growth factor 1 (IGF1) and its principal binding protein, IGFBP3, may influence breast cancer …

GH is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency as a performance-enhancing anabolic
agent. Doping with GH likely began in the early 1980s and became more prevalent with the …