The 6 high-affinity insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) are multifunctional
proteins that modulate cell signaling through multiple pathways. Their canonical function at …

Tumor resistance to therapy modalities is one of the major challenges to the eradication of
cancer cells and complete treatment. Tumor includes a wide range of cancer and non …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) for eradication of
cancer cells. Its effectiveness is governed by the oxygen content, which is scarce in the …

As an emerging treatment strategy for malignant tumors, chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-
T) cell therapy has been widely used in clinical practice, and its efficacy has been markedly …

There is increasing evidence that the metabolic status of T cells and macrophages is
associated with severe phenotypes of chronic inflammation, including allergic inflammation …

Dendritic cell-derived exosomes (Dex) have overcome the disadvantages associated with
dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, such as cost effectiveness, stability, and sensitivity to the …

Immunotherapy is an effective therapeutic option for several cancers. In the last years, the
introduction of checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has shifted the therapeutic landscape in oncology …

Antitumor activity of CD8+ T cells is potentially restrained by a variety of negative regulatory
pathways that are triggered in the tumor microenvironment, yet, the exact mechanisms …

Background Profound heterogeneity in prognosis has been observed in colorectal cancer
(CRC) patients with intermediate levels of disease (stage II–III), advocating the identification …

The effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is
unsatisfactory because of tumor heterogeneity, multidrug resistance, and poor target …