Despite vast scientific inquiry, the evolution of Appalachian Mountain topography in eastern
North America has yet to be robustly explained. After a century and a half of investigation …

Topography affects the distribution and movement of water on Earth, yet new insights about
topographic controls continue to surprise us and exciting puzzles remain. Here we combine …

Himalayan rivers transport around a gigaton of sediment annually to ocean basins.
Mountain valleys are an important component of this routing system: storage in these valleys …

Feedbacks between surface and deep Earth processes in collisional mountain belts depend
on how erosion and topographic relief vary in space and time. One outstanding unknown …

Landslides are hillslope processes controlled by natural changing topographic conditions.
Landslides are also influenced by human activities. Yet, understanding the space-time …

Erosional perturbations from changes in climate or tectonics are recorded in the profiles of
bedrock rivers, but these signals can be challenging to unravel in settings with non‐uniform …

River management is founded on predictable self‐organisation between river form and
catchment controls in alluvial rivers. However, a substantial proportion of rivers are not fully …

Boulders form from a variety of geological processes, which their size, shape, and
orientation may help us better understand. Furthermore, they represent potential hazards to …

Profound effects of episodic megafloods (≥ 106 m3/s) have been observed on Earth and
Mars. Quaternary megafloods sourced from valley‐blocking glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau …

The incision rate and steepness of bedrock channels depend on water discharge, uplift rate,
substrate lithology, sediment flux, and bedload size. However, the relative role of these …