Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are isolated from multiple biological tissues—adult bone
marrow and adipose tissues and neonatal tissues such as umbilical cord and placenta. In …

The functional neural circuits are partially repaired after an ischemic stroke in the central
nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, neurovascular units, including neurons, endothelial …

Background Over the past few years, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have attracted a
great deal of scientific attention owing to their promising results in the treatment of incurable …

Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide.
Disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a prominent pathophysiological mechanism …

There is increasing evidence indicating that autophagy may be a new target in the treatment
of ischemic stroke. Moderate autophagy can clear damaged organelles, thereby protecting …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and degenerative disorder of the central nervous
system with unknown etiology. It is accompanied by demyelination of the nerves during …

Autophagy is considered a double-edged sword, with a role in the regulation of the
pathophysiological processes of the central nervous system (CNS) after cerebral ischemia …

The inflammatory and immunological responses play a significant role after stroke. The
innate immune activation stimulated by microglia during stroke results in the migration of …

Methods: Because the treatment with exosomes has a great potential to overcome the
limitations associated with cell-based therapies, we tested the efficacy of exosomes secreted …

Background/Aims: Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability. To date, there is
no effective treatment for stroke. Previous studies have shown that Ginkgo biloba extract has …