Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the
mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate …

Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators have a wide range of key roles throughout the
nervous system. However, their dynamics in both health and disease have been challenging …

Multimodal astrocyte–neuron communications govern brain circuitry assembly and function.
For example, through rapid glutamate release, astrocytes can control excitability, plasticity …

A fundamental challenge in fluorescence microscopy is the photon shot noise arising from
the inevitable stochasticity of photon detection. Noise increases measurement uncertainty …

Intensiometric genetically encoded biosensors, based on allosteric modulation of the
fluorescence of a single fluorescent protein, are powerful tools for enabling imaging of …

Cellular signaling networks are the foundation which determines the fate and function of
cells as they respond to various cues and stimuli. The discovery of fluorescent proteins over …

Interest in deciphering the fundamental mechanisms and processes of the human mind
represents a central driving force in modern neuroscience research. Activities in support of …

In plants, a variety of stimuli trigger long-range calcium signals that travel rapidly along the
vasculature to distal tissues via poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we use quantitative …

The actions of neuromodulation are thought to mediate the ability of the mammalian brain to
dynamically adjust its functional state in response to changes in the environment. Altered …

Single-wavelength fluorescent reporters allow visualization of specific neurotransmitters with
high spatial and temporal resolution. We report variants of intensity-based glutamate …