The ecological footprint has currently become a highly popular environmental performance
indicator. It provides the basis for setting goals, identifying options for action, and tracking …

In this paper, we investigate the time-varying effects of geopolitical risks on various natural
resources prices from October 1992 to October 2022. We divided natural resources into …

This paper studies stochastic convergence of per capita CO 2 emissions in 28 OECD
countries for the 1901–2009 period. The analysis is carried out at two aggregation levels …

In recent years, electric vehicles, a new type of cleaner vehicles, are attracting widespread
attention around the world. Therefore, as one of the most important raw materials of lithium …

We answer two questions concerning natural gas spot and futures prices. The first is: Can
natural gas futures prices predict natural gas spot prices? The second is: Are natural gas …

There is a sizeable literature that tests for weak-form efficiency in commodity and energy
spot and future prices. While many studies now allow for multiple structural breaks to …

In this paper, we address the classical problem of testing for stationarity in the prices of
energy-related commodities. A panel of fourteen time series of monthly prices is analyzed for …

Since mineral commodities have considerable commercial significance, many techniques
have been developed to forecast their prices. Some of these techniques assume that price …

This paper investigates the informational efficiency hypothesis in the short and long term for
four major commodity markets (oil, gas, electricity, and coal) from January 1997 to January …

This paper addresses the problem of testing for persistence in the effects of the shocks
affecting the prices of renewable commodities, which have potential implications on …